Fri, 03 Apr 2026 06:23:16 +0000

Laser-induced graphene (LIG) on polyimide substrates enables low-cost, eco-friendly IoT antennas, modeled via Leontovich's surface impedance condition. Optimal dipole efficiency reaches 65% (−2 dB vs. copper) at RS = 12 Ω/sq. Rastering anisotropy degrades gain by 0.5–1 dB, while nonuniform lasing enables antenna–sensor heterostructures. Hard mechanical stimuli require a 1 dB link budget margin.