the fed govt issues USD into being whenever it spends.
Neither fed taxes nor loans are used for fed spending.
Fed taxes are used to manage inflation (among other uses).
The US is a sovereign currency issuer. It can never run out of USD.
The US deficit is not repayable (the figure, a bookkeeping entry)
The "govt creates new money... when it undertakes expenditure, rather than spending being financed by taxation from, or debt.." (UK, but similarly US)
UCL Institute for Innovation and Public Purpose · The self-financing state: An institutional analysisThis paper is an institutional analysis of government expenditure, revenue collection and debt issuance operations in the United Kingdom.
